cap·i·tal (etymology): Borrowed from Latin capitālis (“of the head”) (in sense “head of cattle”). Use in trade and finance originated in Medieval economies when a common but expensive transaction involved trading heads of cattle. Compare chattel, which also uses “cow” to mean “property.”
For many years, I’ve resisted the trend to apply the economic term “capital” to various spheres of our lives, as in “human capital,” “social capital,” “natural capital,” and so on. As this trend approaches absurd proportions, however, it is clear that an appropriate alternative is needed – one that enriches our understanding of complexity rather than reducing it, and one that invites wise, compassionate stewardship rather than commodification and thoughtless exploitation of the things we hold most dear.
The Ever Expanding List of Types of Capital
To start, though, let’s marvel for a moment over the fact that Wikipedia has at least 24 detailed listings for different types of “capital,” including those I’ve listed above, as well as Relational capital, Knowledge capital, Cultural capital, Organizational capital, Academic capital (Wikipedia notes: not to be confused with Educational capital), Public capital, Individual capital, Health capital, Racial capital, Sexual capital, and more.
But why stop there? What if we go just a little further and apply the “capital” brush to more granular aspects of the human experience? Instead of health, we could talk about our digestive, immune and circulatory capitals. For intellect, I could boast about my spelling and grammar capital. For dating, we could tune in to someone’s height, reproductive and humor capitals.
Here is where we have to ask: how would we be served by labeling these aspects of ourselves as “capital”? How would our understanding and appreciation of them be enhanced? How would our actions be better informed? Would applying the label spur us to try to assign a financial value to them? Does the value of my spelling and grammar capital sufficiently offset my lack of culinary capital? According to whose standards?
The Limits – and Dangers – of the Metaphor of Capital
Such an exercise helps us see that, at best, there is limitation and, at worst, danger in applying the “capital” label to aspects of our lives whose dimensions extend beyond what the narrow scope of economics can encompass. The concept of capital lures us with a reductionist understanding, at a time when we desperately need to grow our ability to comprehend complexity. It lulls us into thinking that life and work consist, most of all, of isolated, static assets that can be itemized and controlled, and that the goal of our controlling is production and accumulation. As author Niels Pflaeging writes on a related issue: “The metaphor is simply under-complex.” And it is precisely this limited line of thinking that has led us to the environmental and social catastrophes we currently face.
Wikipedia reports, for example, that: “In economics, capital consists of an asset that can enhance one’s power to perform economically useful work…. Capital is an input in the production function…. [It is] resources which enable the production of more resources.”
This may make some sense when the “capital” in question is a machine or money or some other inanimate object, rather than living beings within living communities and ecosystems. But does it really make sense to apply the term to people? The UN Human Development indices suggest that: “Theories of human capital formation and human resource development view human beings as means to increased income and wealth rather than as ends. These theories are concerned with human beings as inputs to increasing production.” This may be why “human capital” (German: Humankapital) was named the German Un-Word of the Year in 2004 by a jury of linguistic scholars, who considered the term “inappropriate and inhumane.” I might say the same about the related truism that “Our employees are our best asset,” as if they were a commodity to be bought, sold or rented.
What about “social capital”? Author David Halpern posits that the concept has gained popularity because “it has a hard nosed economic feel while restating the importance of the social.” But what if we didn’t feel the need to give it an arbitrary and artificial “hard nosed economic feel”? What if there were an alternative way to value the social that didn’t reduce it to inanimate, commodity status?
Journalist George Monbiot goes even further in his criticism of “natural capital,” which he calls “the pricing, valuation, monetisation, financialisation of nature in the name of saving it…effectively pushing the natural world even further into the system that is eating it alive…. All the things which have been so damaging to the living planet are now being sold to us as its salvation; commodification, economic growth, financialisation, abstraction. Now, we are told, these devastating processes will protect it.”
Even when the label is used as it was originally intended – to describe machines and their role in producing more resources – the concept doesn’t invite reflection about whether more resources should be produced, about how much is enough, and about the far-reaching repercussions of production. The reality is that inanimate “capital” is always embedded within complex, decidedly animate context. It can’t reasonably be considered – or assigned objective financial value – in isolation of the web and flow of life that it exists within.
An Alternative: Cultivating Fertile Conditions
Rather than letting the limited and limiting language of economics creep into every sphere and speck of our existence, what if there were another lens expansive enough to take in the complexity and aliveness of the world? Where can we find terminology that doesn’t push us blindly toward unsustainable levels of production and consumption? What alternatives can we imagine to the vocabulary of commodification, abstraction and reductionism? I propose the lens and language of living systems.
When we look at the list of types of capital – Human Capital, Social Capital, Relational Capital, and so on – isn’t each of these types of “capital” attempting to highlight some capability that is available or enabled? Some possibility that may (or may not) be generated? Some potentiality or potency that has been manifested, or could be, to some desirable degree?
If so, then our next step might be to substitute one of these more dynamic concepts in place of “capital.” Human Capability. Social Potentiality. Natural Potency. Intellectual Generative Capacity. Even if none of these alternative words is an obvious winner, these phrases already hold more meaning than their original counterparts: there is inherent capability there, in that particular sphere of our lives, if only the right conditions are present for it to manifest.
This last phrase points to something fundamental. Instead of imagining that we are using an inanimate tool or component to get to predictable outputs, we begin to see that we are continually and adaptively cultivating the conditions for potential to be expressed over time – potential that may extend beyond what we can predict.
In fact, each type of “capital” may more accurately be thought of as a fertile condition necessary for thriving. To thrive, we need to be able to develop and express our individual gifts; we need the flow of rich and ever deepening relationships; we need the essential functions and beauty of the natural ecosystems of which we are part; we need the flow of relevant information and the accumulation of useful knowledge. These are the aspects we have been referring to as “capital,” in service only of “the production of more resources.” But a larger lens helps us see that they are conditions necessary to our ability to thrive – to our “thrivability.”
Shifting from “managing types of capital for production of resources” to “cultivating fertile conditions necessary for thriving” represents a transition from a reductionist, mechanistic productivity mindset to an ongoing, generative practice of stewardship. And what we are stewarding is life. Each example of “capital” points to an opportunity to serve and support some aspect of a living system’s intrinsic ability to express its potential and to be transformed within its present context. Some type of output may still be held as an intention, but the nature of the output and the means to get to it are understood within a far richer context.
What changes, then, when we see these various aspects of our work and our lives not as capital but as fertile conditions to be cultivated in service of thrivability?
- We see wholeness. While we can acknowledge the presence and importance of quantifiable, controllable components, we avoid language and thinking that envisions people or communities as a collection of separable parts, like cuts of meat in a cow. If you cut up a living system, you kill it. Connections and context are vital to understanding how a living system thrives and how to support it.
- We engage with dynamism and flow. In contrast to the static concept of capital, cultivation is active, adaptive, changing over time. It relies on verbs and adjectives more than nouns, which is part of why the transition to new vocabulary is so challenging.
- We envision the work differently. Instead of seeking most of all to control and commodify, we cultivate, in humble and curious service. “Building my social capital” might be better understood as “cultivating vibrant, generative relationships.” “Leveraging human capital” might be seen now as “cultivating human thrivability.” In place of the transactional, we seek the transformational.
- We serve life – all life. The goal is no longer simply production of more resources in economically useful work; it is enabling life to thrive at every level: for individuals, for organizations, for communities and for the biosphere. This invites more important aspirations. It raises the conversation to a higher level, asking: to what extent does any decision we are considering enable life to thrive? Even in the case of inanimate machines, we may ask: what is its tendency to enable integrity, beauty and regenerative capacity?
As the saying goes, “Words create worlds.” All of this language may still feel awkward, but as the underlying way of thinking settles in, we may find our way to more fluid vocabulary, or we may gradually grow into these more expansive concepts. As Donella Meadows says in her landmark article, Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System: “People who have managed to intervene in systems at the level of paradigm have hit a leverage point that totally transforms systems.” And transform systems we must. My sense is that this shift in vocabulary – and in perceptions and actions – is absolutely critical if we are to make it through the environmental and social catastrophes we face.
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Thank you. Although k-12 teachers need effective working conditions, we are not cogs within the wheel of social or economic production. Indeed, within school, society, and life itself, “The goal is no longer simply production of more resources in economically useful work; it is enabling life to thrive at every level: for individuals, for organizations, for communities and for the biosphere.”
True Michelle- capitals are an artifact of our financial system, mono-capitalism. Multi-capitalism is not yet about thriveability, but simply getting holders of financial capital, who run our planet, to recognize that all capitals need to be measured in order to even begin talking about sustainability, let alone thriveability. Sadly, the living system and conscious living system design approaches awe advocate respectively, have a long way to go to become mainstream. meantime, the shift from mono-capitalism to multi-capitalism is having powerful effects in the world of banks, corporations, and business generally. It makes the beginning of actual, real accountability. Nowhere near where you or I would like, nowhere near ecocide as a crime or business people looking through the living systems lens. What concerns me most is how little actually impact us thriveability advocates are currently having, versus the consolidated power of the mono-capitalists. For better or worse, we need to support multi-capitalism as a transitionary step, certainly imperfect, and hopefully to be replaced with true impact metrics that begin to measure Human Capability. Social Potentiality. Natural Potency. Intellectual Generative Capacity and much more.